283 lines
		
	
	
		
			10 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
			
		
		
	
	
			283 lines
		
	
	
		
			10 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
# Acorn
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A tiny, fast JavaScript parser written in JavaScript.
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## Community
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Acorn is open source software released under an
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[MIT license](https://github.com/acornjs/acorn/blob/master/acorn/LICENSE).
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You are welcome to
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[report bugs](https://github.com/acornjs/acorn/issues) or create pull
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requests on [github](https://github.com/acornjs/acorn).
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## Installation
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The easiest way to install acorn is from [`npm`](https://www.npmjs.com/):
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```sh
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npm install acorn
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```
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Alternately, you can download the source and build acorn yourself:
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```sh
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git clone https://github.com/acornjs/acorn.git
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cd acorn
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npm install
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```
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## Interface
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**parse**`(input, options)` is the main interface to the library. The
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`input` parameter is a string, `options` must be an object setting
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some of the options listed below. The return value will be an abstract
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syntax tree object as specified by the [ESTree
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spec](https://github.com/estree/estree).
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```javascript
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let acorn = require("acorn");
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console.log(acorn.parse("1 + 1", {ecmaVersion: 2020}));
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```
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When encountering a syntax error, the parser will raise a
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`SyntaxError` object with a meaningful message. The error object will
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have a `pos` property that indicates the string offset at which the
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error occurred, and a `loc` object that contains a `{line, column}`
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object referring to that same position.
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Options are provided by in a second argument, which should be an
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object containing any of these fields (only `ecmaVersion` is
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required):
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- **ecmaVersion**: Indicates the ECMAScript version to parse. Can be a
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  number, either in year (`2022`) or plain version number (`6`) form,
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  or `"latest"` (the latest the library supports). This influences
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  support for strict mode, the set of reserved words, and support for
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  new syntax features.
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  **NOTE**: Only 'stage 4' (finalized) ECMAScript features are being
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  implemented by Acorn. Other proposed new features must be
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  implemented through plugins.
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- **sourceType**: Indicate the mode the code should be parsed in. Can be
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  either `"script"` or `"module"`. This influences global strict mode
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  and parsing of `import` and `export` declarations.
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  **NOTE**: If set to `"module"`, then static `import` / `export` syntax
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  will be valid, even if `ecmaVersion` is less than 6.
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- **onInsertedSemicolon**: If given a callback, that callback will be
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  called whenever a missing semicolon is inserted by the parser. The
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  callback will be given the character offset of the point where the
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  semicolon is inserted as argument, and if `locations` is on, also a
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  `{line, column}` object representing this position.
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- **onTrailingComma**: Like `onInsertedSemicolon`, but for trailing
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  commas.
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- **allowReserved**: If `false`, using a reserved word will generate
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  an error. Defaults to `true` for `ecmaVersion` 3, `false` for higher
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  versions. When given the value `"never"`, reserved words and
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  keywords can also not be used as property names (as in Internet
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  Explorer's old parser).
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- **allowReturnOutsideFunction**: By default, a return statement at
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  the top level raises an error. Set this to `true` to accept such
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  code.
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- **allowImportExportEverywhere**: By default, `import` and `export`
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  declarations can only appear at a program's top level. Setting this
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  option to `true` allows them anywhere where a statement is allowed,
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  and also allows `import.meta` expressions to appear in scripts
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  (when `sourceType` is not `"module"`).
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- **allowAwaitOutsideFunction**: If `false`, `await` expressions can
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  only appear inside `async` functions. Defaults to `true` in modules
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  for `ecmaVersion` 2022 and later, `false` for lower versions.
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  Setting this option to `true` allows to have top-level `await`
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  expressions. They are still not allowed in non-`async` functions,
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  though.
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- **allowSuperOutsideMethod**: By default, `super` outside a method
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  raises an error. Set this to `true` to accept such code.
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- **allowHashBang**: When this is enabled, if the code starts with the
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  characters `#!` (as in a shellscript), the first line will be
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  treated as a comment. Defaults to true when `ecmaVersion` >= 2023.
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- **checkPrivateFields**: By default, the parser will verify that
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  private properties are only used in places where they are valid and
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  have been declared. Set this to false to turn such checks off.
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- **locations**: When `true`, each node has a `loc` object attached
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  with `start` and `end` subobjects, each of which contains the
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  one-based line and zero-based column numbers in `{line, column}`
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  form. Default is `false`.
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- **onToken**: If a function is passed for this option, each found
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  token will be passed in same format as tokens returned from
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  `tokenizer().getToken()`.
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  If array is passed, each found token is pushed to it.
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  Note that you are not allowed to call the parser from the
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  callback—that will corrupt its internal state.
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- **onComment**: If a function is passed for this option, whenever a
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  comment is encountered the function will be called with the
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  following parameters:
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  - `block`: `true` if the comment is a block comment, false if it
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    is a line comment.
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  - `text`: The content of the comment.
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  - `start`: Character offset of the start of the comment.
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  - `end`: Character offset of the end of the comment.
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  When the `locations` options is on, the `{line, column}` locations
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  of the comment’s start and end are passed as two additional
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  parameters.
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  If array is passed for this option, each found comment is pushed
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  to it as object in Esprima format:
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  ```javascript
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  {
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    "type": "Line" | "Block",
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    "value": "comment text",
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    "start": Number,
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    "end": Number,
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    // If `locations` option is on:
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    "loc": {
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      "start": {line: Number, column: Number}
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      "end": {line: Number, column: Number}
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    },
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    // If `ranges` option is on:
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    "range": [Number, Number]
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  }
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  ```
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  Note that you are not allowed to call the parser from the
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  callback—that will corrupt its internal state.
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- **ranges**: Nodes have their start and end characters offsets
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  recorded in `start` and `end` properties (directly on the node,
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  rather than the `loc` object, which holds line/column data. To also
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  add a
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  [semi-standardized](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=745678)
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  `range` property holding a `[start, end]` array with the same
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  numbers, set the `ranges` option to `true`.
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- **program**: It is possible to parse multiple files into a single
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  AST by passing the tree produced by parsing the first file as the
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  `program` option in subsequent parses. This will add the toplevel
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  forms of the parsed file to the "Program" (top) node of an existing
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  parse tree.
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- **sourceFile**: When the `locations` option is `true`, you can pass
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  this option to add a `source` attribute in every node’s `loc`
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  object. Note that the contents of this option are not examined or
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  processed in any way; you are free to use whatever format you
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  choose.
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- **directSourceFile**: Like `sourceFile`, but a `sourceFile` property
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  will be added (regardless of the `location` option) directly to the
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  nodes, rather than the `loc` object.
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- **preserveParens**: If this option is `true`, parenthesized expressions
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  are represented by (non-standard) `ParenthesizedExpression` nodes
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  that have a single `expression` property containing the expression
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  inside parentheses.
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**parseExpressionAt**`(input, offset, options)` will parse a single
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expression in a string, and return its AST. It will not complain if
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there is more of the string left after the expression.
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**tokenizer**`(input, options)` returns an object with a `getToken`
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method that can be called repeatedly to get the next token, a `{start,
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end, type, value}` object (with added `loc` property when the
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`locations` option is enabled and `range` property when the `ranges`
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option is enabled). When the token's type is `tokTypes.eof`, you
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should stop calling the method, since it will keep returning that same
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token forever.
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Note that tokenizing JavaScript without parsing it is, in modern
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versions of the language, not really possible due to the way syntax is
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overloaded in ways that can only be disambiguated by the parse
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context. This package applies a bunch of heuristics to try and do a
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reasonable job, but you are advised to use `parse` with the `onToken`
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option instead of this.
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In ES6 environment, returned result can be used as any other
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protocol-compliant iterable:
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```javascript
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for (let token of acorn.tokenizer(str)) {
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  // iterate over the tokens
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}
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// transform code to array of tokens:
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var tokens = [...acorn.tokenizer(str)];
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```
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**tokTypes** holds an object mapping names to the token type objects
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that end up in the `type` properties of tokens.
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**getLineInfo**`(input, offset)` can be used to get a `{line,
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column}` object for a given program string and offset.
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### The `Parser` class
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Instances of the **`Parser`** class contain all the state and logic
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that drives a parse. It has static methods `parse`,
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`parseExpressionAt`, and `tokenizer` that match the top-level
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functions by the same name.
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When extending the parser with plugins, you need to call these methods
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on the extended version of the class. To extend a parser with plugins,
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you can use its static `extend` method.
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```javascript
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var acorn = require("acorn");
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var jsx = require("acorn-jsx");
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var JSXParser = acorn.Parser.extend(jsx());
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JSXParser.parse("foo(<bar/>)", {ecmaVersion: 2020});
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```
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The `extend` method takes any number of plugin values, and returns a
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new `Parser` class that includes the extra parser logic provided by
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the plugins.
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## Command line interface
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The `bin/acorn` utility can be used to parse a file from the command
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line. It accepts as arguments its input file and the following
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options:
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- `--ecma3|--ecma5|--ecma6|--ecma7|--ecma8|--ecma9|--ecma10`: Sets the ECMAScript version
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  to parse. Default is version 9.
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- `--module`: Sets the parsing mode to `"module"`. Is set to `"script"` otherwise.
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- `--locations`: Attaches a "loc" object to each node with "start" and
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  "end" subobjects, each of which contains the one-based line and
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  zero-based column numbers in `{line, column}` form.
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- `--allow-hash-bang`: If the code starts with the characters #! (as
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  in a shellscript), the first line will be treated as a comment.
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- `--allow-await-outside-function`: Allows top-level `await` expressions.
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  See the `allowAwaitOutsideFunction` option for more information.
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- `--compact`: No whitespace is used in the AST output.
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- `--silent`: Do not output the AST, just return the exit status.
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- `--help`: Print the usage information and quit.
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The utility spits out the syntax tree as JSON data.
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## Existing plugins
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 - [`acorn-jsx`](https://github.com/RReverser/acorn-jsx): Parse [Facebook JSX syntax extensions](https://github.com/facebook/jsx)
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